Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
The Variant Allele Frequency of p53 Arg72Pro (rs1042522) Polymorphism: A Major Breast Cancer Susceptibility Factor in Saudi and Other Ethnic Groups
1
14
EN
Naseem
Akhter
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha- KSA
naseem.du@gmail.com
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.26280
<strong>Introduction: </strong>Codon 72 polymorphism (G> C; Arg> Pro) in p53, an important tumor suppressor gene, contribute to an elevated risk of many cancers including breast cancer. p53 alterations negatively impact cell cycle arrest, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis leading to cancer onset and development. The occurrence of <em>p53 </em>exon 4 G>C polymorphism is different in diverse populations, but the information regarding its allelic distribution in the Saudi population is lacking.
<strong>Methods: </strong>PUBMED (Medline), the web of science and google database were used to search
epidemiological studies conducted globally to compare the frequency distribution of variant allele in the Saudi population with that of diverse ethnic groups.
<strong>Results: </strong>The frequency of <em>p53 </em>exon 4 variant allele (G) was found to be 51% in the Saudi population. A significantly different variant allele frequency was found for Japan (p<0.0001), Jordan (p=0.0002), China (p<0.0001), Iran (p<0.0001), India (p=0.0023), Turkey (p<0.0001) and Taiwan (0.0307) ethnic populations, upon comparison of Saudi Arabian frequency with that of other Asian populations. Furthermore, a significantly different MAF was found in every study in the Caucasian group except for Greece (p=0.1451) ethnic populations, when compared with Saudi Arabian frequency.
<strong>Conclusions: </strong>The allelic frequency distribution analysis of <em>p53 </em>exon4 Arg72Pro SNP in Saudi population showed a unique pattern, significantly different from many populations in Asian subgroup and all but one populations in the Caucasian subgroup. The findings may help in large scale population screening for this cancer susceptibility factor.
p53 Arg72Pro,Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP),Minor Allele Frequency (MAF),Saudi Arabia
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_26280.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_26280_f9936b4790e7b5f5bc4903955126769f.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Prevalence and Prognosis of Cerebrovascular Accidents and its Subtypes: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Hail Region, Saudi Arabia
15
28
EN
Nawaf
Alhazmi
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
nawaf415@hotmail.com
Hala
Alassaf
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed
Alhaysuni
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Areeb
AlTbenawi
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Latifah
Alateeq
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah
Alkhalaf
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Khalid
Alshammari
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Turki
Alghassab
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Omar
Alshammari
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Shuaa
alshammari
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Sasikumar
Dhanarasu
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
drdskumar31@yahoo.com
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.26816
Cerebrovascular accidents or stroke is an important healthcare concern. Ischemic stroke is an acute neurologic deficit that results from focal cerebral ischemia leading to permanent tissue damage (infarction). The cause is commonly associated with atherothrombotic occlusion of large arteries, cerebral embolism (embolic infarction), nonthrombotic occlusion of small, deep cerebral arteries (lacunar infarction), and proximal arterial stenosis with hypotension that decreases cerebral blood flow in arterial watershed zones (hemodynamic stroke). Stroke is being observed as a rapidly growing problem and an important cause of illness and death in Saudi Arabia. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to establish the prevalence and prognosis of cerebrovascular accidents and its subtypes in the Hail Region, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected on all patients who experienced CVAs between September 2017–January 2018, used the diagnosis coding program in King Khalid Hospital in Hail, Saudi Arabia. Out of 190 patients, 63.7% were male and 36.3% were female. The overall incidence of ischemic stroke after acute myocardial infarction was 85.26%. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus were shown as more risk factors for ischemic stroke type compared with hemorrhagic stroke and embolic stroke. The overall status of stroke patients was shown 92.1% live and 7.9% were dead. The incidence of complicating hospitalizations with cerebrovascular accident continues to grow and is associated with increased mortality and adverse discharge. This highlights the need for early diagnosis, better risk stratification, and preparedness for the need for complex long-term care in this vulnerable population.
Cerebrovascular accidents,Ischemic stroke,hemorrhagic stroke,embolic stroke,and myocardial infarction
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_26816.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_26816_226b4f33b0602717252978e78a36bb22.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Cathepsin L is A Potential Marker for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
29
36
EN
Mennatullah
El-Nadi
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
quranii_nourii@yahoo.com
Hebatallah
Hassan
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
heba4381@yahoo.com
Mahmoud
Amer
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
Mona
Mostafa
Mohamed
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
Mohamed
El-Shinawi
Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
Sherif
Abdelaziz
Ibrahim
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.26817
Breast cancer is the second cancer-related death among women worldwide. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and lethal subtype, which is associated with high metastasis and poor prognosis. Cathepsins, a family of lysosomal cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin L (<em>CTSL</em>), are involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. Thus, <em>CTSL </em>may emerge as a marker for TNBC. So, we characterized the expression of <em>CTSL</em> mRNA in tissue specimen of TNBC (n = 10) and non-TNBC (non-TN) (n = 10) using quantitative real-time PCR. Data were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-test. Our data demonstrate that <em>CTSL</em> mRNA expression was up-regulated in TN BC vs. non-TN BC patients. In conclusion, the high expression of <em>CTSL</em> may represent a marker for TNBC and its targeting could have therapeutic implications
Triple-negative,breast cancer,Cathepsin L
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_26817.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_26817_6c49f2dcc07a14d4f6910747a8c68692.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Broiler Productive and Physiological Performance under Different Heat Combating Practices during Acute Heat Stress
37
49
EN
El-Shafei
A.
A.
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
M.
A.
Al-Gamal
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
dr.algamal1978@yahoo.com
M.
Sh.
Abo-Gabal
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
H.
A.
Basuony
Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Centre, A.E.A., Egypt
E.
A.
Saad
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.27332
An experiment was designed to study the effect of different heat combating practices during acute heat stress on productive and physiological performances of Cobb500 chicks. Total of 540 one-day old of Cobb500 chicks was randomly divided into six equal groups with three replicates (30 birds in each). The first group was subjected to neutral temperature (NT), the second group was under chronic heat stress as a control (CHS), the third group was exposed to early heat acclimation (EHA), the fourth group was exposed to feed restriction (FR), the fifth group was supplemented with 1 g vitamin C/Kg diet (Vit.C), and the six group was treated with a combination of the last three treatments (EFC). It was observed that, CHS group recorded the highest value in respiratory, mortality rate, serum liver enzymes activities (ALT and AST), serum glucose concentrations and the lowest body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones, serum immunoglobulin concentration, serum lipid profile levels, livability among groups, while, exposed chicks to different heat combating practices: NT, EFC, Vit.C, FR and EHA, respectively, decreased significantly chicks mortality, serum corticosterone concentration hormone and improved the livability percentages, body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, serum immunoglobulin concentrations and had better results for serum ALT and AST activities. Furthermore, EFC and NT groups recorded the highest significant EPEI values (18.38 and 17.48) respectively, and serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones compared to the other groups. It can be concluded that EFC treatment showed the best practical method compared to the other groups to enhance the production performance and immunity status followed by T5, T4 and T3.<br /> Therefore, these methods can be applied in broilers farms to increase the economic return
Acute heat stress,Broiler Chicken,and physiological changes
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_27332.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_27332_6a9067d1d914f565745e425ac7c6e4dc.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Assessment of Mutagenicity of Herbal Preparations from Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia
51
62
EN
Adel
Sharaf
Al-Zubairi
0000-0003-1741-9345
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al Baha University, Al-Baha, KSA
adelalzubairi@hotmail.com
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.27658
<strong>Background and Objective</strong>: Traditional use of herbal medicinal plants in Saudi Arabia is common and in particular in Al-Baha region either in rural or urban areas for treatment of several ailments and no reports have been found about the mutagenicity of Saudi medicinal plants. Here we investigated the mutagenic/genotoxic effects of four herbal plants methanolic extracts namely, <em>Acalypha fruticosa</em>, <em>Aloe vera</em>, <em>Jatropha </em>spp and <em>Ricinus communis</em>, using the Ames test <strong>Methodology</strong>: For assessment of the mutagenicity of these four plants, we used the bacterial reverse mutagenicity assay (Ames test) without any metabolic activation system. The plants methanolic extract concentrations used were 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/ml. <strong>Results</strong>: Low concentrations of the extracts (0.1 mg/ml) of the four plants were found to be non-mutagenic (p < 0.05), while only the extracts of <em>Aloe vera</em> and <em>Jatropha </em>were found to be mutagenic in the second concentration (1.0 mg/ml). Meanwhile, <em>Acalypha fruticosa</em> extract at 1.0 mg/ml was found to be non-mutagenic and Ricinu communis was found to be cytotoxic at this concentration. At the concentration of 5.0 mg/ml the three extracts (<em>Acalypha fruticosa</em>, <em>Aloe vera</em>, <em>Jatropha </em>) were mutagenic. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Only higher concentrations, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/ml extracts of the herbal plants <em>Acalypha fruticosa</em>, <em>Aloe vera</em> and Jatropha, were found to be mutagenic/genotoxic in the reverse bacterial mutagenicity Ames test.
herbal plants,mutagenicity,Ames test,Al-Baha,traditional medicine
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_27658.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_27658_99e666f4ae8677a82ca57a1728431c8d.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Role of DNA Polymerase κ in the Processing of DNA-protein Cross-link Damage Induced by 2ʹ-deoxy-5-azacytidine and Formaldehyde
63
73
EN
Mahmoud
I.
Shoulkamy
0000-0002-4736-1212
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
mahmoud.ibrahim1@mu.edu.eg
Hiroshi
Ide
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science,
Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.27735
Genomic DNA that essential for cell survival is constantly undergoes various forms of DNA damages upon attacked by DNA-damaging agents from exogenous and endogenous sources. DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) are super-bulky, steric hindrance and less characterized DNA damage among those so far identified. Currently known DPCs are classified into four main types depending on the way of attachment to DNA strands. Of these types, type 1 is the most ubiquities in which cross-linked proteins (CLPs) are covalently attached to an undistorted DNA strand. While several researchers worldwide start to be attention about DPC damage, the repair factors that are indispensable for the processing of type 1 DPC remain largely elusive. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed the role of translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases κ and ι (polκ and ι) in the processing of type 1 DPC. Obviously, mouse cells deficient in polκ were highly sensitive to 2ʹ-deoxy-5-azacytidine (azadC, a DNA methylating agent) and formaldehyde (FA, a simple aldehyde). Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of DPCs in <em>pol</em><em>κ</em> proficient and deficient cells using fluorescence labeling method which we have developed recently revealed that the amount of DPCs increased significantly in azadC and FA-treated cells compared to untreated control. In contrast, a DNA methylation inhibitor Zebularine (Zeb) does not enhance the sensitivity of <em>polκ</em> deficient cells compared to <em>polκ</em> proficient cells. Additionally, no DPC is formed upon treatment with Zeb in polκ cells. The most remarkable conclusion is that the sensitivity of <em>polκ</em> deficient cells to azadC is exclusively due to DPC and ruling out the involvement of polκ in DNA methylation. Based on the current findings, we suggested a possible repair model for type 1 DPC induced by azadC and FA. Wherein, small peptides result from breakage of large CLPs are bypassed by polκ and consequently the repair proceeds.
DNA polymerases,translesion synthesis,DNA damage,DNA repair,DNA-protein cross-links
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_27735.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_27735_7230ad2a457a3196d1bad71963ae494b.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Obesity Modulating Efficiency of Moringa oleifera Extract on Obese Modeled Rats
75
91
EN
Mohamed
A.
Al-Gebily
Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
ma_algebily@yahoo.com
Fatma
Adly
Morsy
Pathology department, National Research Centre, Egypt
Elyamany
I.
Elzawahry
Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
Diaa
Farrag
Ibrahim
Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
Khaled
G.
Abdel-Wahhab
Medical physiology department, National Research Centre, Egypt.
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.28305
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder that is raised by multiple biological and environmental factors. The objective of this study was to determine the thermogenesis potential of Egyptian <em>Moringa oleifera</em> against obesity disorder. Adult male Wistar albino rats (150-170g) were randomly divided into four groups (10 animals each) as follows: group (1)healthy rats fed standard diet and served as control, group (2)animals orally <em>Moringa oleifera</em> extract-standard diet (20%), group (3)obese rats fed high-fat diet and group (4) obese animals administrated <em>Moringa oleifera extract</em>-high-fat diet (20%). After six weeks of feeding, the results revealed that feeding of obese animals on moringa (20%) mixed diet succeeded to decline the body weight as well as obesity-induced disorders; this was evidenced by the significant reduction of body weight gain and BMI values as well as levels of serum ALAT, ASAT, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, LDH, CK, PON1, TNF-α and glucose. Also, cardio-hepatic MDA and nitric oxide levels ware decreased coupled with marked elevation in the levels of serum HDL and irisin as well as cardio-hepatic GSH, SOD and CAT. Moreover, the histopathological findings showed a marked regeneration. In conclusion, <em>Moringa oleifera</em>, as a food supplement, could play a beneficial role in management of obesity and its disorders; this could be exhibited through its bioactive components with thermogenesis mechanism and/or other multiple pathways.
Obesity,Irisin,Moringa paraoxonase-1,Rats
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_28305.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_28305_a5a6a29fe281f95503100b08b5c83563.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Physiological Studies of the Effect of Moringa olifera and Vitamin (C) on Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Lead Acetate in Male Albino Rats
93
104
EN
Abd-El Reheem
A.
El Shater
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University
Rana
A.
Ali
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University
rana.ahmed@svu.edu.eg
Eman
M.
RephaaI
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.28685
Lead is highly toxic naturally occurring element that affects numerous organ systems in humans, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Moringa olifera leaves extract and vitamin C in male albino rats against lead acetate toxicity. forty (40) male albino rats were used for the experiment. Group I was administered distilled water, Group II was administered lead acetate only (20mg/kg b.w.), Group III was administered lead acetate (20mg/kg b w) and <em>Moringa olifera</em> leaves extract (400mg/kg b.w.) and Group IV was administered lead acetate (20mg/kg b.w.) and Vitamin C (50 mg/kg b.w.). Animals were exposed to treatment once daily for 8 weeks orally. After the last day of treated animals were slaughtered and blood samples collected and serum separated for analyzing serum liver enzymes. Results obtained in this present study revealed a significant increased at (p<0.05) in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),bilirubin and Malondialdehyde (MAD), while showed a significant decreased at (p<0.05) in Total protein, Albumin, Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) in group treated with lead acetate only when compared with normal group. However, Effects of <em>Moringa oleifera </em>(MO) and Vitamin C on hepatic injury due to lead induced oxidative stress revealed a significant decreased at (p<0.05) in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and Malondialdehyde (MAD), while showed a significant increased at (p<0.05) in Total protein, Albumin, Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) when compared with the control group. It is concluded that <em>Moringa olifera</em> leaves extract and vitamin C have antioxidant properties.
Lead acetate,Moringa Olifera,vitamin c,Hepatotoxicity,albino rats
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_28685.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_28685_168da76de7ffb9002945c408e0276daf.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Sex Differential Genetic, Biochemical, Electrolytes and Calcium Values Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease
105
116
EN
Samir
Abdulkarim
Alharbi
Medical Laboratory Department, Applied Medical Sciences College - Alquwayiyah Province, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
saalharbi@su.edu.sa
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.28686
<strong>Background: </strong>Several efforts have been made to reduce the burden of CKD through the control of its associated risk factors. The objective of this study was to assess, whether the biochemical, electrolytes and calcium values differ according to the sex of the patients, as well as, the possible association between UMOD gene mutation and certain patterns of biochemical, electrolytes and calcium measures.
<strong>Methodology</strong>: one hundred patients with CKD were randomly selected from different primary health care centers (PHCs) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Biochemical (Creatinine, Urea, Uric acid, and Glucose) and minerals (Na+, K+, Cl− and Ca++) values were estimated, and UMOD gene mutations were investigated. <strong>Results:</strong> About 71.9% of the males were found with high urea values compared to 33.3% of the females, the RR (95% CI) = 2.1563 (1.3253 to 3.5082), P = 0.0020. Low K+ levels were significantly associated with females compared to males, the RR (95% CI) = 2.819 (1.1066 to 5.0773), P = 0.0264. About 60% 80% and 100% of the patients with UMOD gene mutation were found with low Na+ uric acid and Ca++. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> High blood urea is suggested as screening predictor for CKD in males. Low K+ levels were significantly associated with females compared to males. Patients with UMOD gene associated CKD are more susceptible to be with low serum Uric acid, Sodium, and Calcium
CKD,UMOD gene,serum electrolytes,Serum Calcium Saudi Arabia
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_28686.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_28686_b7a786adb386cd52f1136280901d0133.pdf
Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology
2090-0767
2090-083X
11
1
2019
06
01
Electrophoretic Protein and Amino Acid Analysis of Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae) And Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) Larval Excretion/Secretion
117
130
EN
Moneer
S.
Amer
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Kotb
M.
Hammad
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Ahmed
Z.I.
Shehata
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Ahmed
I.A.
Hasballah
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Mahmoud
M.M
Zidan
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
ahmedzeinhom00@gmail.com
10.21608/eajbsc.2019.28687
<em>Lucilia sericata</em>, <em>Chrysomya albiceps</em> and <em>Musca domestica</em> larvae have been successfully used routinely for the clinical treatment of difficult necrotic and infected wounds. Degradation by proteinases contained in larval excretory/secretory (ES) products is thought to contribute to wound debridement by removal of dead tissue. However, proteinase activity may also affect host tissue remodeling processes (Chambers <em>et al</em>., 2003), for hundreds of years, the beneficial effects of maggots on wound healing have been documented. Insects have to defend themselves from infection by a wide variety of potential bacteria and fungi. In addition to some of flies have beneficial effects in medicine especially, <em>L. sericata</em> which used in Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT). Maggot therapy success is partly due to the ingestion and killing of living microorganisms but antibacterial activity of excretion/secretion (ES) that included the salivary gland secretions and faecal products of <em>L. sericata</em> has been demonstrated in vitro.
Electrophoretic Protein,Electrophoresis,Maggot,Excretion/Secretion,Lucilia sericata,Chrysomya albiceps,Musca domestica,Amino Acid analysis,Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acid,SDS-PAGE
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_28687.html
https://eajbsc.journals.ekb.eg/article_28687_433ca1546c8e5be6997ab349fc41c102.pdf